The torque arms that you indicated in post #1 are very hard stainless steel, and perfect for the job.
No, you don't use spacers to centralise the wheel. You should start with the disc and caliper assembled otherwise you might have to do it all again when you find that you can't get your caliper to line up with the disc.
The anti-rotation washers go on the inside of the drop-outs. Normally with only that on the axle on the disc side, the disc is in the right position to clear the frame and match the caliper range of adjustment. If the disc touches the frame, you can add a washer behind the anti-rotation washer, but you'll probably also have to put washers between your caliper mount and the caliper/adapter.
DEpending on the stack-height of your free-wheel, you'll probably need to add spacers to the axle to keep the top gear away from the frame. A six-speed doesn't need spacers, a seven speed needs two washers, A DNP 7 speed needs about 6mm of something, and I guess the 8-speed ones need something more. Once you have the wheel spaced like that, you can then check whether the rim is central, which it probably won't be, so then you need to dish the wheel by going round the rim loosening all the spoke nipples half a turn on the disc side, and tightening all the nipples half a turn on the other side. You need to be precise and systematic when you do that. Don't lose count or where you got to otherwise you'll have a lot more work to do to get the wheel true. When you do it, you'll notice that they never got the spoke tension right in the first place. Worry about that after you dished the wheel to get the rim in the right position.
It's best to do all this with the free-wheel that you intend to use permanently, otherwise you'll be doing it all again later. If you just want to get the bike going, it's ok to leave the wheel a bit off centre to try it out, and then centralise it properly when you get your 11T free-wheel. You'll soon get fed up with the 14T free-wheel.