In order to protect mRNA molecules from the body’s natural defenses, drug developers must wrap them in a protective casing. For Moderna, that meant putting its Crigler-Najjar therapy in nanoparticles made of lipids. And for its chemists, those nanoparticles created a daunting challenge: Dose too little, and you don’t get enough enzyme to affect the disease; dose too much, and the drug is too toxic for patients
Moderna Therapeutics, the most highly valued private company in biotech, has run into troubling safety problems with its most ambitious therapy, STAT found.
www.statnews.com
History[edit]
Several molecular biology studies during the 1950s indicated that RNA played some kind of role in protein synthesis, but that role was not clearly understood. For instance, in one of the earliest reports,
Jacques Monod and his team showed that RNA synthesis was necessary for protein synthesis, specifically during the production of the enzyme
β-galactosidase in the bacterium
E. coli.
[45] Arthur Pardee also found similar RNA accumulation in 1954
.[46] In 1953,
Alfred Hershey, June Dixon, and
Martha Chase described a certain cytosine-containing DNA (indicating it was RNA) that disappeared quickly after its synthesis in
E. coli.
[47] In hindsight, this may have been one of the first observations of the existence of mRNA but it was not recognized at the time as such.
[48]
The idea of mRNA was first conceived by
Sydney Brenner and
Francis Crick on 15 April 1960 at
King's College, Cambridge, while
François Jacob was telling them about a recent experiment conducted by
Arthur Pardee, himself, and Monod (the so-called PaJaMo experiment, which did not prove mRNA existed but suggested the possibility of its existence). With Crick's encouragement, Brenner and Jacob immediately set out to test this new hypothesis, and they contacted
Matthew Meselson at the
California Institute of Technology for assistance. During the summer of 1960, Brenner, Jacob, and Meselson conducted an experiment in Meselson's laboratory at Caltech which was the first to prove the existence of mRNA. That fall, Jacob and Monod coined the name "messenger RNA" and developed the first theoretical framework to explain its function.
[48]
In February 1961,
James Watson revealed that his
Harvard-based research group had been right behind them with a series of experiments whose results pointed in roughly the same direction. Brenner and the others agreed to Watson's request to delay publication of their research findings. As a result, the Brenner and Watson articles were published simultaneously in the same issue of
Nature in May 1961, while that same month, Jacob and Monod published their theoretical framework for mRNA in the
Journal of Molecular Biology.
[48]
how much longer do they want the bbc is full of $hit it is toxic crap
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