Partially charging a lithium ion battery

Nick

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Nov 4, 2006
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Does anyone (Flecc, I guess I am looking at you!) know if it does any harm to partially charge a lithium ion battery? I have always fully charged the one on my Bionx but have wondered what is the best thing to do if there isn't time for a full charge - cycle on a battery that is less than half-charged, or give it say 30 minutes of recharging. Any thoughts please?

Thanks
Nick
 

flecc

Member
Oct 25, 2006
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Part charges are fine, better than emptying out. Once the cells have been initially conditioned, any form of top up is non damaging and desirable.

It's also true of NiMh when in the middle of their charging range between 20% and 80% of charge, and they last for many years when operated in this way. This could be found to be true for lithium cells when further experience is gained. There's no doubt that chemical stressing is greatest at the near empty and full points.
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scobo

Pedelecer
Jun 6, 2008
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I've just ordered a bike with a nimh battery.
Is it necessary to charge them once in a while as with SLA batteries ?
I'm thinking about during the winter when I probably won't use the bike much and it'll be kept in the garage for long periods.
 
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john

Esteemed Pedelecer
Nov 1, 2007
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Manchester
I've just ordered a bike with a nimh battery.
Is it necessary to charge them once in a while as with SLA batteries ?
I'm thinking about during the winter when I probably won't use the bike much and it'll be kept in the garage for long periods.
You can expect the battery to loose around 20% of its charge per month so you can probably charge it before storing for the winter and then again before you use it in the spring.
 

flecc

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Oct 25, 2006
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Sorry to correct, but you should charge NiMh every two months during storage.

They lose around 1 to 1.5% of charge per day while standing idle, and once the cells drop below about 1 volt each the battery may never accept a recharge. At around 0.7 volts per cell they are almost certainly beyond recovery.

You can see from this that 3 months is the real danger point, so recharging every two months is safest.

The reason for the failure is that current is issued as hydrogen is drained from the hydride in the cell, and once all the hydrogen is lost, the hydride no longer exists in a usable form for accepting a charge. NiMh cells are different from others in that they are essentially recycling fuel cells, converting hydrogen into electricity but able to return the hydrogen for use by hydrolysis of the liquid content with the charging current.
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scobo

Pedelecer
Jun 6, 2008
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Thanks for the replies guys.
I have a fair bit of experience with SLAs as I use a couple to store power from some solar panels but I don't know much about nimh.
The battery with my bike is 24v so what voltage reading should I expect when it's fully charged ? (I'm guessing around 25.4v)
Also, do they need to settle for a while after charging/discharging to give an accurate reading as with SLAs ?
 

john

Esteemed Pedelecer
Nov 1, 2007
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Manchester
You can expect them to be more like 28V after charging and they do drop back a bit after a while.

The main difference from SLA's though is that you can't reliably tell the state of charge for NiMH from their voltage as this remains fairly flat for much of their discharge cycle.
 

flecc

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Oct 25, 2006
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Yes, as John says, and some of the best quality 24 volt NiMh batteries can peak at over 29 volts. It's quiescent voltage though, and instantly drops to the rating under load and then stays quite stable throughout the use in the way John indicates.
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john

Esteemed Pedelecer
Nov 1, 2007
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Manchester
They lose around 1 to 1.5% of charge per day while standing idle, and once the cells drop below about 1 volt each the battery may never accept a recharge. At around 0.7 volts per cell they are almost certainly beyond recovery.

You can see from this that 3 months is the real danger point, so recharging every two months is safest.

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There is no problem with recharging after 2 months but this is not necessary. No major manufacturer insists on this, some allowing storage of over one year. A few cycles of conditioning my be needed after prolonged storage.
 

flecc

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Oct 25, 2006
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There is no problem with recharging after 2 months but this is not necessary. No major manufacturer insists on this, some allowing storage of over one year. A few cycles of conditioning my be needed after prolonged storage.
Only true of some types, the Sanyo Twicell being one. With those, some repeated recharge cycles will recover the capacity as you describe, but why go through that when it can be avoided?

With others there is a real risk of failure as I've described and having lost batteries in that way, I personally know that to be true.

This is from Battery University:

"High maintenance - nickel-metal hydride requires regular full discharge to prevent crystalline formation. nickel-cadmium should be exercised once a month, nickel-metal-hydride once in every 3 months."

and this from Powerstream:

"Generally speaking, a loss of voltage and capacity of batteries due to self-discharge during storage is unavoidable. The factors inducing this self-discharge of Nickel-Metal Hydride batteries is listed below:

1. The inside of the cell is a hydrogen atmosphere at low pressure, which gradually reduces the active materials at the positive electrode, resulting in a drop of cell capacity. Accompanied by this, the negative electrode which is thermodynamically unstable in its charged state gradually gives off hydrogen gas, thus reducing cell capacity.
2. The active materials at the positive electrode in its charged state self-decompose, causing the cell capacity to decrease.
3. Impurities within the cell, especially nitric ions, are reduced at the negative electrode and diffuse to the positive electrode where they are oxidized. This results in a lowered cell capacity."

Which way owners follow is up to them, but my advice is risk free.
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john

Esteemed Pedelecer
Nov 1, 2007
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Manchester
I just didn't want everyone to go into a panic about their batteries dying if they leave them for 3 months or buy them when they are more than 3 months from manufacture.
 

flecc

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Oct 25, 2006
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Understood John. Sadly NiMh are disappearing so fast from e-bikes now that it won't be long before it won't matter too much. :)

Once LiFePO4 have regular consumer availability, rechargeable NiMh will probably vanish completely from bikes and perhaps many other products too.
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scobo

Pedelecer
Jun 6, 2008
34
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Aaaargh ! :(
Not what I wanted to hear having just bought a bike with one.
Is it possible to use other types of battery other than the type the bike came with ?
By the way, my bike arrived today and I've just completed a full charge.
The battery read 28.5 volts so you were spot on guys.
 

scobo

Pedelecer
Jun 6, 2008
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Hmmm.
Charged my battery last night and it was reading 28.5v but checked it this morning and it was down to 27.4v :confused:
Is this normal or does it mean there's a problem with the battery ?
 

john

Esteemed Pedelecer
Nov 1, 2007
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Manchester
Hmmm.
Charged my battery last night and it was reading 28.5v but checked it this morning and it was down to 27.4v :confused:
Is this normal or does it mean there's a problem with the battery ?
That is perfectly normal and nothing to worry about.
 

scobo

Pedelecer
Jun 6, 2008
34
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Getting back to charging during the winter, I really don't trust myself to remember to charge my battery so was thinking of leaving it plugged into a timer set to charge for maybe an hour a week to keep it topped up.
Would this be ok ?
 

john

Esteemed Pedelecer
Nov 1, 2007
531
0
Manchester
Getting back to charging during the winter, I really don't trust myself to remember to charge my battery so was thinking of leaving it plugged into a timer set to charge for maybe an hour a week to keep it topped up.
Would this be ok ?
Yes, I don't see a problem with doing that.